Learning languages can slow down brain aging

Using the MRI data from 728 participants, the experts built a model that estimates the age of the brain based on the level of functional connectivity between its different regions. They then applied this model to another group of 144 individuals, including people who spoke one to four languages.

The results showed that the more languages a person spoke, the younger their estimated brain age was. For example, the brains of bilingual participants looked about 6 years younger, those who spoke three languages looked 7 years younger, and those who spoke four languages looked 13 years younger than monolinguals.

However, it is not only the number of languages that matters, but also the level of proficiency and the age at which the languages were learned. According to the researchers, it is not the fact of bilingualism itself that matters, but rather the duration and intensity of the language experience. The effect was particularly pronounced in the case of early acquisition of a second language, but even in adults, achieving a high level of proficiency was beneficial.

Experts emphasize that a range of factors influence brain health, including physical activity, a balanced diet, avoiding harmful habits, and engaging in social and creative activities. The nature of mental activity also plays a significant role, particularly those that require effort and actively engage cognitive resources. Learning languages falls under this category, as it enhances memory, attention, and the ability to switch between tasks and control competing language systems.

Researchers now plan to investigate whether language experience can influence the risk of neurodegenerative conditions, particularly Alzheimer’s disease. Supporting language learning at all stages of life, in school and as an adult, could be beneficial not only from a cultural and social perspective, but also as a potential way to support cognitive health.